I have nothing to add to this story except to just step back and contemplate how much courage, perseverance, hardship, and risk it requires to effect meaningful change.
And to know - to know - that it's not just risk of what might happen to you, it's actual harm that rains down on you from those who wish to maintain the status quo. Physical, financial, educational, emotional, familial harm.
And to know that throughout the process of inviting, provoking, inciting change, there is no guarantee that your sacrifices and vulnerability will achieve the desired result.
When I think in this moment of so many women, men, and children who seek to self-rescue themselves from untenable situations at home in Central and South America, who are daily dehumanized by the sere name of "migrant," I think of desperation - yet there is also hope, right? Because to leave the status quo for something else implies the hope that there is something better elsewhere.
As had these revolutionaries in Grant County, New Mexico: We are men and women. We deserve better, and we claim what we deserve.
Grant County, New Mexico: A Revolution in the Middle of Nowhere
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| Mural about the Mine-Mill Strike by the Local 890 and the 209. Bayard, New Mexico |
You're driving down a road. You pass through a small, rather despondent
town by the name of Bayard. The only thing of interest that catches your
eye is a mural on the side of a long, low building. You turn around, go
back. Get out of the car, take the pics, get back in the car and zoom
off. Nice artwork.
But when you get home and go through the pics, get ready to post them,
you do a little due diligence on the ol' "Local 890" cited in the mural.
Maybe there's a little blurb in a local paper about the mural, its
artist, and a bit of history of a union group that used to be, and that
probably is no more.
You google on "Hurley, NM" and "local 890." Nothing of interest comes
up. So you broaden the search to "local 890" and "new mexico." (Update
11Feb2013: Note comment below from Anonymous. I had the town wrong,
which explains why nothing much came up in my original search. Doh!)
Goddamn. What a story!
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| Mural about the Mine-Mill Strike by the Local 890 and the 209. Bayard, New Mexico |
The primary story
Back in the early 1950s, a lot of folks in Grant County worked at the
Empire Zinc Mine in Hanover, New Mexico. Americans of Mexican descent
were paid less than other Americans working in the mine - there was a
two-tiered wage structure to ensure that. Furthermore, regardless of
ethnicity, the company didn't pay for the time getting down into or up
out of the mine - the clock didn't start until the miners were in place.
Mining families living in company housing suffered poor living
conditions - no hot water, for example. The company was not responsive
to the miners' complaints about any of these issues, and they and the
miners reached an impasse.
The miners' union, the Local 890, decided to go on strike. They kept the
mine closed for eight months, with neither side budging from their
positions. Finally, the company obtained a court injunction forbidding
the miners to strike.
In a creative twist, some of the wives of the miners, affiliated with the Ladies' Auxiliary 209, suggested that
they form the picket lines instead of the miners. The miners agreed.
The women stood fast against arrests, threats, and intimidation by union scabs, local law, and community members.
In one narrative:
"The women’s picket was carefully organized, militant, and successful.
Not only did wives of Empire strikers, such as Henrietta Williams and
Virginia Chacón, walk the line; many women from other towns in Grant
County also participated. When County Sheriff Leslie Goforth ordered 53
women arrested on June 16, another 300 women took their places!"
Furthermore, in response to intimidation:
"Not only did women push cars, drag men out of them, and maintain their
lines; they also jumped on cars, threw rocks at strikebreakers, and
deployed various “domestic” items as weapons: knitting needles, pins,
(rotten) eggs and chili peppers."
So who was back home taking care of the kids and house? The jobless miners, who had eye-opening experiences at home.
"For the next seven months, the women held the line in the face of
violence from strikebreakers, mass arrests by the sheriff, and
opposition from many of their own husbands, who were suddenly faced with
the responsibilities of caring for children, washing clothes, and doing
the dishes. In January 1952, the strikers returned to work with a new
contract. They had failed to win their major demands, but did obtain
significant pay increases that, in effect, undermined the Mexican wage.
Several weeks later, Empire Zinc installed hot water plumbing in Mexican
American workers’ houses--a major issue pushed by the women of these
households."
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| Mural about the Mine-Mill Strike by the Local 890 and the 209. Bayard, New Mexico |
The secondary story
Three filmmakers who were members of the Communist Party made a movie
about the miners' strike. They were Herbert Biberman (director),
Michael Wilson (screenwriter), and Paul Jarrico (producer).
Mr. Wilson wrote or collaborated on screenplays for, among others:
Lawrence of Arabia,
Planet of the Apes,
Bridge Over the River Kwai,
It's A Wonderful Life,
A Place in the Sun, and
Border Patrol. In some, such as
Lawrence of Arabia, he was uncredited because he had been blacklisted during (and after) the
McCarthy Era.
The movie was
Salt of the Earth,
and it included experienced actors and individuals who actually
participated in the strike. Filmed on site, the movie production was
beset with harassing actions by politicos fraught with commie fever.
"On February 24, 1953, as filming proceeded in Grant County, U.S.
Representative Donald L. Jackson (Rep-Calif.), a member of the House
Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), delivered a speech on the
floor of Congress that portrayed Salt as a
dire threat to the nation. 'This picture,' Jackson charged, 'is
deliberately designed to inflame racial hatreds and to depict the United
States of America as the enemy of all colored peoples.' 'If this
picture is shown in Latin America, Asia, and India,' he warned, 'it will
do incalculable harm not only to the United States but to the cause of
free people everywhere.' 'In effect,' he concluded, 'this picture is a
new weapon for Russia.'”
To harass the
making of the movie,
"The Grant County American Legion post distributed printed copies of
Jackson’s speech to local residents. Anti-Mine-Mill residents formed a
vigilante committee that carried out physical attacks on the film crew
and cast. And the day after Jackson’s speech, Rosaura Revueltas [one of the professional actresses] was
arrested on immigration charges, based on the technicality that she had
failed to get her passport stamped when entering the U.S., and was
deported before filming ended. (The last shots of her in the film were
done in Mexico and the film had to be smuggled back into the U.S.).
Finally, due to collaboration between Jackson, studio executives such as
Howard Hughes, the American Legion, as well as the conservative
Hollywood technicians’ union--the International Association of
Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE)--few Americans saw Salt of the Earth in the year of its release. In 1954, there were 13,000 movie theaters in the U.S. Only thirteen of them showed the film."
In addition, shots were fired nearby and planes buzzed the production in order to interrupt film making.
"Grandpa Walton,"
Will Geer, played the town sheriff in the movie. Mr. Geer was also on the blacklist for his alleged un-American activities.
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| Mural about the Mine-Mill Strike by the Local 890 and the 209. Bayard, New Mexico |
The tertiary stories
Women's rights. Carl R. Weinberg, a historian and the author of this article, which as served as
my main resource
on the Local 890 strike, proposes that the women's role in this strike
was one of a series of events that informed the modern-day women's
movement.
Communism as scapegoat. The socio-political environment in which
the strike and movie occurred used communism as a handy shield to
maintain the status quo for the mining company and its employees.
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| Mural about the Mine-Mill Strike by the Local 890 and the 209. Bayard, New Mexico. |
So here's to the mural artist(s) in little Bayard, New Mexico, whose
work compelled me to pause for a moment on my way home from Silver City.
And to the people of the Local 890 and the 209, whose story is still so
moving, more than 50 years later.
